Strengths of acids and bases can be compared on the basis of their dissociation constants. The acid or a base having a higher value of dissociation constant is stronger. But, for quantitative comparison, the concentration of H+ ions should be determined for both acids in ...

The ionization constant can be used to calculate the degree of dissociation or ionization and the concentration of H+ ions. Degree of dissociation or ionization may be defined as: The fraction of the total number of molecules of an electrolyte (acid or base) which ionizes into ions It ...

The ionization constant or dissociation of a base BOH in water may be represented as: BOH (aq) B+ (aq) + OH- (aq) Therefore the ionization constant of the base, Kb, Therefore, Kb = [B+] [OH-] / [BOH] (Concentration of water remains constant) If c is the number of ...

Lewis bases: According to Lewis concept, the following species can act as Lewis bases. 1. Neutral species having at least one lone pair of electrons: For example: Ammonia, amines, alcohols. Etc act as Lewis bases because they contain a pair of electrons. 2. Negatively charged species or anions: For example:Chloride, ...

The Bronsted-Lowery concept and Arrhenius concept of acids and bases are limited to substances which contain protons. G.N. Lewis in 1923 proposed a more general and broader concept of acids and bases. Lewis concept states that: An acid is a substance whether molecule or ion which ...

Advantages of Bronsted-Lowery Concept over Arrhenius Concept: 1. It can explain the basic character of substances like Na2CO3 i.e. which do not contain OH- group and hence were not bases according to Arrhenius concept on the basis that they accept protons. 2. This concept is not limited to molecules ...

Consider a reaction of an acid and a base. HCl (aq) + NH3 (aq) ⇌ NH4+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) It is clear from the reaction that HCl donates a proton which act as an acid and forms Cl- ion which has tendency to accept a ...

The Lowery and Bronsted in 1923 give more general definition of Arrhenius concept of acids and bases. According to Bronsted-Lowery Concept, An acid is a substance which can donate proton i.e. H+ while A base is a substance which can accept a proton i.e. H+ Hence we can ...