Carnot theorem states that no heat engine working in a cycle between two constant temperature reservoirs can be more efficient than a reversible engine working between the same reservoirs. In other words it means that all the engines operating between a given constant temperature source ...

Efficiency of a heat engine: The fraction of the heat absorbed by an engine which can be converted into work is known as efficiency of the heat engine. Mathematically, Efficiency, η = w / q2 = (T2 - T1) / T2 ……………. (1) As (T2 - T1) / T2 ...

Cyclic process: When a system returns to its original state after completing a series of changes, then it is known that a cycle is completed. This process is known as cyclic process. In a cyclic process the initial and the final state is same. As the ...

Spontaneous processes: A spontaneous process is one in which heat is transferred through a finite temperature. Spontaneous process is also known as irreversible process because these processes take place at very fast rate. All the natural processes are spontaneous processes. Examples of irreversible processes are as follows: 1) Relative ...

Limitations of the first law of thermodynamics are discussed below: 1. No restriction on the direction of the flow of heat: the first law establishes definite relationship between the heat absorbed and the work performed by a system. The first law does not indicate whether heat ...

We know that for an ideal gas, work done w is given as: Wideal = -nRT ln (V2/ V1) And for a a van der Waals Gas, work done is given as: Hence for the expansion of a gas, V2 > V1, which shows that numerically the work ...

One mole of an ideal gas is heated at constant pressure from 0oC to 200oC. (a) Calculate work done. (b) If the gas were expanded isothermally & reversibly at 0°C from 1 atm to some other pressure Pt, what must be the final pressure if the maximum ...

The gas is in the standard temperature and pressure condition i.e. at S.T.P Hence V1 = 22.4 dm3 and V2 have to be calculated. As given expansion is isothermal and reversible therefore, ∆U = 0 We know that ∆U = q + w But ∆U = 0 Hence q = ...