The third law of thermodynamics states that: “The entropy of all the perfect crystalline solids is zeros at absolute zero temperature”. The third law of thermodynamics is also referred to as Nernst law. It provides the basis for the calculation of absolute entropies of the substances. Mathematically, LimT ...

Mean temperature of the mixture = (T1 + T2) / 2 Thus change in entropy is given by: ∆S = S2 - S1) = mc (T1 + T2)/2∫ T1 (dT / T) – mc T2∫ T1 + T2)/2 (dT / T) = mc ln (T1 + T2)/2 ...

Gibbs-Duhem Equation The Gibbs free energy can be defined in two different ways once by subtracting off combinations of entropy S, enthalpy H and temperature T and other as a sum of chemical potentials and amounts of species. The fact that they are equal gives a ...

Clapeyron discovered an important fundamental equation which helps in finding the extensive application in one component, two phase system and by Clausius from second law of thermodynamics. Hence this fundamental equation is known as Clapeyron-Clausius Equation. One of the uses of this equation is to ...

We know that cyclic is given as: (∂P / ∂V)S (∂V / ∂S)P (∂S / ∂P)V = -1 (∂P / ∂V)S = - [(∂S / ∂V) P]/[(∂S / ∂P)V] = [- (∂S / ∂T)P (∂T / ∂V)P]/[(∂S / ∂T) V (∂T / ∂P)V] = -[ (CP / T) ...

Data given: Q1 = 2400 KJ Q4 = 300 KJ For engine E1, Efficiency η1 = (Q1 - Q2) / Q1 = 1 – (Q2 / Q1) I.e. Q2 / Q1 = 1 - η1 Similarly for engine E2, Q3 / Q2 = 1 - η2 For engine E3, Q4 / Q3 = 1 - ...

Lewis introduced a concept by making use of free energy function G to represent the actual behavior of real gases which is very much different from the concept of ideal gases. This concept is known as concept of Fugacity. We know that the variation of free ...

The variation of free energy change with change in temperature and pressure is discussed below: Consider the following equation: G = H – TS …………………………………….……. (1) As H = U + PV Substituting the value of H in equation (1) we will get: G = U + PV – TS ...